The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sun zi bing fa, by Wu Sun This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Sun zi bing fa Author: Wu Sun Release Date: December 15, 2007 [EBook #23864] Language: Chinese *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN ZI BING FA *** Produced by Wen Yen 始計第一 孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故經之以五事，校之以計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。 道者，令民與上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不畏危也；天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也；地者，遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也；將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也；法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知者不勝。 故校之以計，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。 將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。 計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。勢者，因利而制權也。 兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之，攻其無備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。 夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝，少算不勝，而況無算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。 作戰第二 孫子曰：凡用兵之法，馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬，千里饋糧。則內外之費，賓客之用，膠漆之材，車甲之奉，日費千金，然後十萬之師舉矣。 其用戰也，貴勝，久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈，久暴師則國用不足。夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者，不能善其後矣。故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。 善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載，取用於國，因糧於敵，故軍食可足也。國之貧於師者遠輸，遠輸則百姓貧；近於師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓竭，財竭則急於丘役。力屈財殫，中原內虛於家，百姓之費，十去其七；公家之費，破軍罷馬，甲胄矢弩，戟楯矛櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。 故智將務食於敵，食敵一鍾，當吾二十鍾；萁稈一石，當吾二十石。故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。故車戰，得車十乘以上，賞其先得者，而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之，卒善而養之，是謂勝敵而益強。 故兵貴勝，不貴久。故知兵之將，民之司命。國家安危之主也。 謀攻第三 孫子曰：凡用兵之法，全國為上，破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。是故百戰百勝，非善之善者也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。 故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，為不得已。修櫓轒轀，具器械，三月而後成；距闉，又三月而後已。將不勝其忿，而蟻附之，殺士三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之災也。 故善用兵者，屈人之兵，而非戰也，拔人之城而非攻也，毀人之國而非久也，必以全爭於天下，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。 故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之，敵則能戰之，少則能逃之，不若則能避之。故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。 夫將者，國之輔也。輔周則國必強，輔隙則國必弱。故君之所以患於軍者三：不知軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是謂縻軍；不知三軍之事，而同三軍之政，則軍士惑矣；不知三軍之權，而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣。三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣。是謂亂軍引勝。 故知勝有五：知可以戰與不可以戰者，勝。識眾寡之用者，勝。上下同欲者，勝。以虞待不虞者，勝。將能而君不御者，勝。此五者，知勝之道也。 故曰：知己知彼，百戰不貽；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼不知己，每戰必敗。 軍形第四 孫子曰：昔之善戰者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝。不可勝在己，可勝在敵。故善戰者，能為不可勝，不能使敵必可勝。故曰：勝可知，而不可為。 不可勝者，守也；可勝者，攻也。守則不足，攻則有餘。善守者，藏於九地之下，善攻者，動於九天之上，故能自保而全勝也。 見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也；戰勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故舉秋毫不為多力，見日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。古之善戰者，勝於易勝者也。故善 戰者之勝也，無智名，無勇功，故其戰勝不忒。不忒者，其所措必勝，勝已敗者也。故善戰者，先立於不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也。是故勝兵先勝，而後求戰，敗兵 先戰而後求勝。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能為勝敗之政。 兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生度，度生量，量生數，數生稱，稱生勝。故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。勝者之戰，若決積水於千仞之谿者，形也。 兵勢第五 孫子曰：凡治眾如治寡，分數是也；鬥眾如鬥寡，形名是也；三軍之眾，可使必受敵而無敗者，奇正是也；兵之所加，如以碫投卵者，虛實是也。 凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。故善出奇者，無窮如天地，不竭如江海。終而複始，日月是也。死而復生，四時是也。聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也；色不過五，五 色之變，不可勝觀也；味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嘗也；戰勢，不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮也。奇正相生，如循環之無端，熟能窮之哉？ 激水之疾，至於漂石者，勢也；鷙鳥之疾，至於毀折者，節也。是故善戰者，其勢險，其節短。勢如張弩，節如發機。 紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂也；渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗也。亂生於治，怯生於勇，弱生於強。治亂，數也；勇怯，勢也；強弱，形也。故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之；予之，敵必取之。以利動之，以卒待之。 故善戰者，求之於勢，不責於人；故能擇人而任勢。任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石。木石之性，安則靜，危則動，方則止，圓則行。故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石於千仞之山者，勢也。 虛實第六 孫子曰：凡先處戰地而待敵者佚，後處戰地而趨戰者勞。 故善戰者，致人而不致於人。能使敵人自至者，利之也；能使敵人不得至者，害之也。故敵佚能勞之，飽能饑之，安能動之。出其所必趨，趨其所不意。行千里而不勞者，行於無人之地也；攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所不攻也。 故善攻者，敵不知其所守；善守者，敵不知其所攻。微乎微乎，至於無形；神乎神乎，至於無聲，故能為敵之司命。進而不可禦者，沖其虛也；退而不可追者，速而 不可及也。故我欲戰，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也；我不欲戰，雖畫地而守之，敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也。故形人而我無形，則我專而敵 分。我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也。則我眾敵寡，能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者約矣。吾所與戰之地不可知，不可知則敵所備者多，敵所備者多，則吾所 與戰者寡矣。故備前則後寡，備後則前寡，備左則右寡，備右則左寡，無所不備，則無所不寡。寡者，備人者也；眾者，使人備己者也。故知戰之地，知戰之日，則 可千里而會戰；不知戰之地，不知戰日，則左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救後，後不能救前，而況遠者數十裏，近者數裏乎！以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益 於勝哉！故曰：勝可為也。敵雖眾，可使無鬥。故策之而知得失之計，候之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，角之而知有餘不足之處。故形兵之極，至於無形。無 形則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。因形而措勝於眾，眾不能知。人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾所以制勝之形。故其戰勝不復，而應形於無窮。夫兵形象水，水之行避 高而趨下，兵之形避實而擊虛；水因地而制流，兵因敵而制勝。故兵無常勢，水無常形。能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有短長，月 有死生。 軍爭第七 孫子曰： 凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚眾，交和而舍，莫難於軍爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。故迂其途，而誘之以利，後人發，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。 軍爭為利，軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利則不及，委軍而爭利則輜重捐。是故捲甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百裡而爭利，則擒三將軍，勁者先，疲者後，其法十一而 至；五十裏而爭利，則蹶上將軍，其法半至；三十裏而爭利，則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食則亡，無委積則亡。故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；不知山 林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。故兵以詐立，以利動，以分和為變者也。故其疾如風，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不動如山，難知如陰， 動如雷震。掠鄉分眾，廓地分利，懸權而動。先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。《軍政》曰：“言不相聞，故為之金鼓；視不相見，故為之旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗 者，所以一民之耳目也。民既專一，則勇者不得獨進，怯者不得獨退，此用眾之法也。故夜戰多金鼓，晝戰多旌旗，所以變人之耳目也。三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。 是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待饑，此治力者也。 無邀正正之旗，無擊堂堂之陳，此治變者也。故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，餌兵勿食，歸師勿遏，圍師遺闕，窮寇勿迫，此用兵之法 也。 九變第八 孫子曰： 凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚合。泛地無舍，衢地合交，絕地無留，圍地則謀，死地則戰，途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不 受。故將通於九變之利者，知用兵矣；將不通九變之利，雖知地形，不能得地之利矣；治兵不知九變之術，雖知五利，不能得人之用矣。是故智者之慮，必雜於利 害，雜於利而務可信也，雜於害而患可解也。是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業，趨諸侯者以利。故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾有所 不可攻也。故將有五危，必死可殺，必生可虜，忿速可侮，廉潔可辱，愛民可煩。凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不察也。 行軍第九 孫子曰：凡處軍相敵，絕山依穀，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之軍也。絕水必遠水，客絕水而來，勿迎之於水內，令半渡而擊之利，欲戰者，無附於水而迎客，視 生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。絕斥澤，唯亟去無留，若交軍於斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之 軍也。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助 也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。軍旁有險阻、潢井、 蒹葭、小林、蘙薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏姦之所處也。敵近而靜者，恃其險也；遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也；其所居易者，利也；眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑 也；鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者，覆也；塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達者，樵採也；少而往來者，營軍也；辭卑而備者，進也；辭強而進驅者，退 也；輕車先出居其側者，陳也；無約而請和者，謀也；奔走而陳兵者，期也；半進半退者，誘也；杖而立者，饑也；汲而先飲者，渴也；見利而不進者，勞也；鳥集 者，虛也；夜呼者，恐也；軍擾者，將不重也；旌旗動者，亂也；吏怒者，倦也；殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也；懸甀不返其舍者，窮寇也；諄諄翕翕，徐與人言者，失眾 也；數賞者，窘也；數罰者，困也；先暴而後畏其眾者，不精之至也；來委謝者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。兵非貴益多也，惟無武 進，足以並力料敵取人而已。夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒於人。卒未親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用。故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必 取。令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。 地形第十 孫子曰：地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以往，難以返，曰掛。 掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之 利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。遠形者，勢 均難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之災，將之過 也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走；卒強吏弱，曰馳；吏強卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩；將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱 橫，曰亂；將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險隘遠近，上 將之道也。知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而 利於主，國之寶也。視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。知吾卒之可以 擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵 者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。 九地第十一 孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地者，為散地；入人之地不深者，為輕地；我得亦 利，彼得亦利者，為爭地；我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地；諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地；入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地；山林、險阻、沮澤， 凡難行之道者，為泛地；所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地；疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無 攻，交地則無絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，泛地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，卒離而 不集，兵合而不齊。合於利而動，不合於利而止。敢問敵眾而整將來，待之若何曰：先奪其所愛則聽矣。兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。凡 為客之道，深入則專。主人不克，掠於饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿勞，並氣積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則 不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡 壽也。令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤，投之無所往，諸、劌之勇也。故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊 其中則首尾俱至。敢問兵可使如率然乎？曰可。夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟而遇風，其相救也如左右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；齊勇如一，政之道也； 剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治，能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知；易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂 其途，使民不得慮。帥與之期，如登高而去其梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機。若驅群羊，驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之於險，此謂將軍之事 也。九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也；四徹者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地 也；背固前隘者，圍地也；無所往者，死地也。是故散地吾將一其志，輕地吾將使之屬，爭地吾將趨其後，交地吾將謹其守，交地吾將固其結，衢地吾將謹其恃，重 地吾將繼其食，泛地吾將進其途，圍地吾將塞其闕，死地吾將示之以不活。故兵之情：圍則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交；不知山林、 險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉導，不能得地利。四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。是故不 爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加於敵，則其城可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞，懸無政之令。犯三軍之眾，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以害， 勿告以利。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷於害，然後能為勝敗。故為兵之事，在順詳敵之意，並敵一向，千里殺將，是謂巧能成事。是故政舉之日，夷 關折符，無通其使，厲於廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期，踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故始如處女，敵人開戶；後如脫兔，敵不及 拒。 火攻第十二 孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，五曰火隊。行火必有因，因必素具。發火有時，起火有日。時者，天之燥也。日者，月在箕、 壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風起之日也。凡火攻，必因五火之變而應之：火發於內，則早應之於外；火發而其兵靜者，待而勿攻，極其火力，可從而從之，不可從 則上。火可發於外，無待於內，以時發之，火發上風，無攻下風，晝風久，夜風止。凡軍必知五火之變，以數守之。故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強。水可以絕，不 可以奪。夫戰勝攻取而不惰其功者凶，命曰“費留”。故曰：明主慮之，良將惰之，非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。主不可以怒而興師，將不可以慍而攻戰。合於 利而動，不合於利而上。怒可以複喜，慍可以複說，亡國不可以複存，死者不可以複生。故明主慎之，良將警之。此安國全軍之道也。 用間第十三 孫子曰： 凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金，內外騷動，怠於道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情 者，不仁之至也，非民之將也，非主之佐也，非勝之主也。故明君賢將所以動而勝人，成功出於眾者，先知也。先知者，不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可驗於度， 必取於人，知敵之情者也。故用間有五：有因間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱起，莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。鄉間者，因其鄉人而用之；內 間者，因其官人而用之；反間者，因其敵間而用之；死間者，為誑事於外，令吾聞知之而傳於敵間也；生間者，反報也。故三軍之事，莫親於間，賞莫厚於間，事莫 密於間，非聖賢不能用間，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉微哉！無所不用間也。間事未發而先聞者，間與所告者兼死。凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻， 人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。敵間之來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也；因是而知之，故鄉 間、內間可得而使也；因是而知之，故死間為誑事，可使告敵；因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，主必知之，知之必在於反間，故反間不可不厚也。昔殷之 興也，伊摯在夏；周之興也，呂牙在殷。故明君賢將，能以上智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sun zi bing fa, by Wu Sun *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUN ZI BING FA *** ***** This file should be named 23864-0.txt or 23864-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/8/6/23864/ Produced by Wen Yen Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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